This is a HP ProLiant DL380p Gen8 running Windows Server 2012 R2. There are 2 boxes with 8 drives in each box. One box is controlled by an onboard Smart Array P420i, and the other is controlled by a Smart Array P420. Both show no issues in iLO 4. Everything is in some arrangement of RAID 1 that I can get into more if that ends up mattering.
What I've Tried:
-Automatic repair (including trying to repair from a USB)
-Some command prompt stuff with DISM and BCD
-Safe Mode (still doesn't get to Windows)
-Changing the boot order in the BIOS (all partitions are visible)
I would try restoring from a backup but I don't have one because I like to live on the edge.

Perhaps the easiest option is the nuclear route and just do a fresh install of Windows on that partition. I considered making a Linux USB to see if I sus out the offending driver that way but I'd be open to hearing if anyone has other solutions.